福尔摩斯：基本演绎法第一季

Final arguments are being made before Australia's vote to create Indigenous Voice_我的网站

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A | 用恰当的物种名称进行保护科普传播，讲好保护故事，具有典型性和代表性。摄影/葛玉修　　在2024年全国两会召开的时候，葛玉修发来他的两会建议。这个建议，是关于希望有关部门规范中国特有珍稀物种规范命名的，更确切地说，是希望通过给中华对角羚正名，来帮助提升中国物种保护的民族自信心和自豪感。　　2016年中国生物多样性保护与绿色发展基金会（简称绿会）创新推出了绿会保护地体系，葛玉修率先申请在青海湖畔创建设立中华对角羚保护地，成为中国绿会首批创建的保护地之一。　　中华对角羚是葛玉修为这一物种起的名字，而目前的名字普氏原羚是以一位沙俄军官的名字命名的。葛玉修认为这个名称并不合理。保护地设立后，他在推动物种保护的同时，始终坚持对其更名。 CANBERRA, Australia -- Opposing campaigners made their final pitches on Friday over changing the Australia's constitution to acknowledge a place for Indigenous Australians on the eve of the nation's first referendum in a generation.The referendum has the potential to amend Australia’s founding legal document for the first time since 1977. But opinion polls suggest that the amendment will be rejected as more than four-in-five referendums have been in the past.Australians are being asked to alter the constitution to recognize the “First Peoples of Australia” by establishing an Indigenous Voice to Parliament.The committee comprised of and chosen by Indigenous Australians would advise the Parliament and government on issues that affect the nation’s most disadvantaged ethnic minority.Indigenous Australians account for only 3.8% of Australia’s population. But they die on average eight years younger than the wider population, have a suicide rate twice that of the national average and suffer from diseases in the remote Outback that have been eradicated from other wealthy countries.Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, a leading Voice advocate, cited the Israel-Hamas war to underscore why Australians should vote “yes” out of kindness toward the Indigenous population.“This week of all weeks where we see such trauma in the world, there is nothing — no cost — to Australians showing kindness, thinking with their heart as well as their head, when they enter the polling booth tomorrow and vote ‘yes,’” Albanese said.“Kindness costs nothing. Thinking of others costs nothing. This is a time where Australians have that opportunity to show the generosity of spirit that I see in the Australian character where at the worst of times we always see the best of the Australian character,” Albanese added.Opposition leader Peter Dutton, whose conservative party opposes the Voice, said polling showing declining support for the referendum over the past year was evidence Albanese failed to convince voters of the benefits of the Voice. “He’s instinctively won their hearts because Australians do want better outcomes for Indigenous Australians, but he hasn’t won their minds,” Dutton told Australian Broadcasting Corp.Indigenous activist Robbie Thorpe drew attention to Indigenous division over the Voice this week by applying for a High Court injunction to stop the referendum. “The referendum is an attack on Aboriginal Sovereignty,” Thorpe said in a statement on Friday.But the High Court said his writ had been rejected on Thursday on the grounds that it appeared to be an abuse of the court process, frivolous, vexatious or outside the court’s jurisdiction.Thorpe is among so-called progressive “no” campaigners who argue an Indigenous committee with no power of veto over legislation is not a sufficiently radical change.Many progressives argue the constitution should more importantly acknowledge that Indigenous Australians never ceded their land to British colonizers and a treaty was a higher priority than a Voice.Conservative “no” campaigners argue the Voice is too radical and the courts could interpret its powers in unpredictable ways.Some Indigenous people don’t have faith that the Voice’s membership would represent their diverse priorities.“Yes” campaigner Kyam Maher, an Indigenous man who is South Australia state’s attorney general, said the question he was most often asked by thousands of voters was what result Indigenous Australians wanted.“I can say absolutely and overwhelmingly Aboriginal people want their fellow Australians to vote ‘yes’ tomorrow,” Maher said.An opinion poll published this week supported Maher's view that a majority of Indigenous Australians wanted the Voice although that support had eroded since early 2023.Polling suggests the referendum will lose despite Australia’s peak legal, business, faith and sporting groups overwhelmingly supporting the Voice.Anne Twomey, a Sydney University constitutional law expert and a member of the Constitutional Expert Group that advised the government on drafting the referendum question, said she feared that Australian lawmakers might give up trying to change the constitution if the referendum fails.“I think it is a big concern if we end up with a constitution that’s frozen in time that we can’t change,” Twomey said.“In practice around the world, when a constitution becomes frozen and out of date with the world that it operates in, it becomes brittle and when there’s ever any stress on it, it does tend to break,” she added.___Follow AP's Asia-Pacific coverage at https://apnews.com/hub/asia-pacific。　　中华对角羚是中国特有种，曾广泛分布在内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃、青海等地，被当地人称为“黄羊”。

B | 在三年困难时期，国家遭遇大饥荒，人们通过猎捕黄羊，补充食物供给，挽救了无数人的性命，但该物种因此大量减少，到上世纪90年代，在青海湖周边仅存不足300只。摄影/葛玉修　　草场围栏的推广，也对中华对角羚造成了威胁。这些钢丝围栏自20世纪80年代引进后逐步在牧区推广应用，目的是控制家畜牧食活动、调节牧草供求平衡，促进退化草原植被恢复，并固定草原使用权。

C | 围栏的高度一般在1.2~1.5米之间，大都带有刺丝，给野生动物迁移带来很大干扰。中华对角羚因跨越围栏勾挂致死的情况时有发生，围栏圈地也压缩了它们的觅食空间，影响了它们的自然活动和种群间基因交流，对包括中华对角羚在内的濒危野生物种的种群恢复带来了不利影响。　　保护地成立后，绿会联合中国科学院昆明动物研究所、志愿者和媒体开展了中华对角羚的研究与调研，包括向青海省政府有关部门发建议函，希望能调整围栏高度，减少围栏数量，不要使用刺网，保障中华对角羚安全迁移与觅食空间，其中仅葛玉修个人就先后给青海省政府递交了8份建议；加强中华对角羚基因采集与研究，在国际学术期刊《保护遗传资源》（Conservation Genetics Resources）发表科研论文；组织巡护，联合当地牧民加强中华对角羚巡护救助；开展公益宣讲，其中葛玉修在全国26个省区市演讲640余场，受众达30余万人。　　这些保护行动，收获了最直接的回报：现在，中华对角羚的数量已逐步恢复到3400多只。

D | 　　“情况在不断好转，青海省政府部门对中华对角羚的保护意识和保护力度也有了很大提升。”葛玉修感谢各界积极努力的成效和有关方面对自己的认可，但他强调，目前还没到松一口气的时候，中华对角羚的种群危急状况依然亟待进一步缓解，“这也是我为什么想要提交这份两会建议的原因”。　　在葛玉修看来，中华对角羚从广泛分布到极度濒危，再到快速恢复，这个物种的每一种状态都与中华民族有着深刻的情感羁绊，因此更应该使用具有文化特色和物种特征的中文名称。“不一定要用我起的名字，有其他更好的建议，有关部门都可以考虑采纳。”　　葛玉修强调的更名，是有先例可循的。比如普氏裸鲤（即湟鱼），已经正式更名为青海湖裸鲤。中华对角羚的情况和青海湖裸鲤一样，都是中国本土特有的珍稀濒危种，使用更恰当的中文名称也是应有之义。　　作为绿会中华对角羚保护地主任，葛玉修坚持呼吁，“用恰当的物种名称对其进行保护科普传播，讲好保护故事，具有典型性和代表性。”　　现在，以葛玉修为代表的绿会中华对角羚保护地，早已不局限在某一单独物种的保护层面，而是通过对核心物种的保护，带动更多人关注并热爱青海湖边美好的生态环境。